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Vermilacinia nylanderi
''Vermilacinia nylanderi'' is a fruticose lichen (lichenized fungi) that grows on branches of shrubs in the fog regions along the Pacific Coast of North America in the Channel Islands and in Baja California from near El Rosario south to the Vizcaíno Peninsula 〔Spjut, R. W. 1996. ''Niebla'' and ''Vermilacinia'' (Ramalinaceae) from California and Baja California. Sida〕 The epithet is in honor of William Nylander who published a monograph on the related genus ''Ramalina'' in 1870.〔Nylander W. 1870. Recognitio monographica Ramalinarum. Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, Sr. 2, 4:101–181.〕
==Distinguishing Features==
''Vermilacinia nylanderi'' is classified in the subgenus ''Cylindricaria'' in which it is distinguished from related species by the thallus divided into numerous narrow tubular rugose branches, by the abundant fertile pycnidia,〔Pycnidium (pycnidia plural) is a small flash-shaped structure (200–300 µm wide near the base) that produces conidia, which escape through an opening (ostiole) at the top and function in reproduction, asexually or sexually〕 and by lichen substances of zeorin and (-)-16-hydroxykaurane, occasionally with unknowns. The species is similar to ''V. corrugata'' which lacks (-)-16-hydroxykaurane.〔 ''Vermilacinia leopardina'', which has the same lichen substances, differs in its shiny cortex and sterile pycnidia that appear as irregularly shaped black spots and regularly shaped transverse bands.
Pycnidia in ''Vermilacinia nylanderi'' are not always conspicuous, especially in the field, because they are often immersed in the cortex. They are nevertheless evident by the bump-like elevated areas along the cortical surface. Their abundance is conspicuous when the thallus is sectioned and examined under a dissecting microscope. Pycnidia in ''V. nylanderi'' are abundantly fertile as seen by conidia (condium singular), which “are specialized, non-motile fungal spores,” that appear to function as re-establishing the lichen with an “appropriate photobiont,” a form of asexual reproduction,〔Bungartz, F. 2002. Morphology and anatomy of conidia-producing structures, Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert 1: 35–40〕 in contrast to “sterile pycnidia (conidia not evident) in ''V. leopardina''. Conidia may also to function as “male gametes (spermatia)”〔Sanders, W. B. 2014. Complete life cycle of the lichen fungus ''Calopadia puiggarii'' (Pilocarpaceae, Ascomycetes) documented in situ: Propagule dispersal, establishment of symbiosis, thallus development, and formation of sexual and asexual reproductive structures. Amer. J. Bot. , online ahead of print, 30 Oct 2014〕
''Vermilacinia nylanderi'' was first recognized by color changes in the thallus after its collection in the field, initially appearing pinkish on apical lobes, then yellow orange and then gradually turning brown within a few years.〔 The species appears most common on the Vizcaíno Peninsula along the southern coast region. ''Vermilacinia howei'', which is similar to ''V. leopardina'' in the irregular black banding on thallus branches, occurs further away from the coast on the Vizcaíno Peninsula. Their morphological-chemical differences appear ecologically the reverse of the relationship between ''V. leopardina'' and ''V. corrugata'' on the northern peninsula.〔
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